Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 37: 1-12, doi: 10.3897/ejfa.2025.127378
Optimisation of nutritious biscuits formulation through fortification with catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Ulva sp. flours using response surface methodology
Theresia Dwi Suryaningrum‡, Fateha Fateha§, Ellya Sinurat‡, Giyatmi Giyatmi|, Hari Eko Irianto‡|, Agus Supriyanto‡, Indri Mardiyana‡, Natalia Prodiana‡, Nurhayati‡, Waryanto¶, Ma’muri¶, Sihono‡, Diah Ikasari#‡ Research Centre Marine and Land Bioindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Lombok, Indonesia§ Research Centre for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia| Sahid University, Jakarta, Indonesia¶ Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Subang, Indonesia# Research Centre for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Corresponding author: Diah Ikasari ( ikadiah263@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Maria Manuela Silva © Theresia Dwi Suryaningrum, Fateha Fateha, Ellya Sinurat, Giyatmi Giyatmi, Hari Eko Irianto, Agus Supriyanto, Indri Mardiyana, Natalia Prodiana, Nurhayati, Waryanto, Ma’muri, Sihono, Diah Ikasari. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Citation:
Suryaningrum TD, Fateha F, Sinurat E, Giyatmi G, Eko Irianto H, Supriyanto A, Mardiyana I, Prodiana N, Nurhayati , Waryanto , Ma’muri , Sihono , Ikasari D (2025) Optimisation of nutritious biscuits formulation through fortification with catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Ulva sp. flours using response surface methodology. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 37: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/ejfa.2025.127378 |  |
Abstract
The optimisation of biscuit formulation fortified with catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Ulva sp. flours was studied. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the best formula using three independent variables, namely wheat, catfish, and Ulva sp. flour with upper and lower limits of 33.0–36.5%, 8.0–11.5%, and 0.5–2%, respectively. Analysis was performed on protein content, taste, texture, hardness, and colour of the biscuits and was verified by their nutritional quality, including proximate, dietary fibre, sensory and physical properties, and amino acid profiles minerals, vitamins, as compared to commercial biscuits. The results indicated that the biscuits fortified with catfish and Ulva sp. contained 19.38 ± 1.02% of protein, 11.20 ± 0.76% of fat, 63.52 ± 0.89% of carbohydrate, 495 kcal of energy, and 20.83 ± 1.87% of a dietary fibre, which were meeting the Recommended Dietary Allowance (above 20%) for energy, protein, dietary fibre, minerals (magnesium, potassium, iron and zinc), vitamin A, and B6. The biscuits also contained essential amino acids exceeding the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) standards for children established by FAO/WHO, thus it is recommended to prevent malnutrition.
Keywords
Nutritious biscuits, catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Ulva sp., Response Surface Methodology, formulation